Hacking Exposed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hacking Exposed - Essay Example seeing the Defense Threat Reduction Agency server, the organization of the Department of Defense; and â€Å"downloaded the restrictive ecological control programming for the International Space Station †the programming that controlled the temperature and mugginess in the station’s living space† (What’s the most recent, 2010, par.1). At first, James was â€Å"banned from recreational PC use and was scheduled to carry out a six-month punishment under house capture with probation. Be that as it may, he served a half year in jail for infringement of parole† (IT Security, 2010, par.7). It was plainly shown in the article that James hacked PCs for entertainment only. He was presented to PCs at an extremely youthful age. His dad recalls James as â€Å"a energetic PC nerd, who began playing with the family PC at 6 years old, and changed his own PC from Windows to Linux in center school† (What’s the most recent, 2010, standard. 8). Because of the young period of James, at 16, when he was condemned for the violations carried out, what could have been a multi year sentence of detainment for a grown-up for the wrongdoing, he was just confined from utilizing the PC and was on house capture with clear probation. Given the affectability of the associations he hacked, he ought to have been given an increasingly rigid discipline as far as an all-encompassing time of detainment (or house capture, so far as that is concerned). Or on the other hand, since he has demonstrated to have the knowledge and the ability to encroach touchy programming projects of top associations, one of these associations could have utilized his possibilities to profitable use. By just releasing him after the discipline, he was again associated with â€Å"being part of the trick liable for the biggest fraud in U.S. history. He was discovered dead of a self-incurred gunfire twisted in his home on May 18, 2008, under about fourteen days after specialists assaulted his home regarding a hacking ring that infiltrated TJX, DSW and OfficeMax, among others† (Whats, 2010, par.6). Eventually,

How important were farming regions in determining allegiance in the Essay

How significant were cultivating areas in deciding faithfulness in the English Civil War - Essay Example Indeed, even in Jacobean London a large portion of the magistrates, the dealer rulers, were local brokers. What's more, rather than the wavering fare exchange, the inner economy was broadening as well as developing extensively (T. Wilson Hayes, pg 115). London was not the sole 'motor of development', however cultivating locales sway the most clear component of inside turn of events. The Newcastle district was in no way, shape or form alone in its combination into an undeniably national economy. The expenses and postponements of inland vehicle, particularly by street, implied that peaceful areas despite everything developed grain for bread and lager. Distant upland areas intermittently experienced issues in sending duties to London, particularly in winter, since so little traffic went that way, and crosscountry contacts by street were significantly increasingly troublesome - without a doubt, the normal cost of wheat in Devon late in the lack year of 1631 was 50 percent higher than in neighboring Dorset. All things considered, developing specialization in horticulture represents the acclaim of Cheshire cheddar and Worcestershire apples. Transport connections to London were adequately created for John Taylor's Carrier's Cosmography in 1637 to give subtleties of bearers connecting the capital with all areas. By the 1630s standard stage mentors connected London with significant towns in the southeast and Midlands, and by the 1650s Edinburgh and most significant commonplace urban areas had been brought into the instructing system. Progressively significant associations showed up by mid-century, as hotels along the scarp incline isolating the Severn and Thames valleys permitted dealers to join the hinterlands of Bristol and London. The development of London and the manufacturing of a national economy were both circumstances and logical results of improvements in both horticulture. In agribusiness the slow spread of new procedures was represented by another vogue in handbooks, for example, Walter Blith's The English Improver (1649). As the market extended more consideration was given to the harvests and cultivating rehearses most appropriate to nearby soils: the developing ubiquity of 'convertible' or 'here and there' farming, substituting times of arable and field, is clear across a lot of swamp England. Additional striking despite everything is the way numerous ranchers, little just as enormous, changed over to new money crops like madder and woad for color, to tobacco in the Severn valley, just as to showcase planting around towns (Mark Stoyle, 1994). In spite of the fact that the full effect of the new harvests was distinctly to be felt after mid-century, when loosening request urged ranchers to raise effici ency, England gradually overwhelmed a great part of the remainder of Europe in its capacity to take care of and utilize a developing populace. Starvation in the emergency of 1623 was constrained toward the northwest; and from that point, in spite of horrifying hardship in the later 1640s, starvation appears to have been pretty much dispensed with. The predominance of residential creation in materials, in cowhide working, in many parts of the metal business, makes it difficult to quantify financial misery. Typical cost for basic items figures measure costs in the market. A great part of the populace was occupied with both horticulture and industry: the little rancher whose spouse and hireling did some auxiliary turning or loading weaving, the craftsman digger with a little plot of land joined to his house, even Norwich workers who accomplished gather work in close by fields during the 1630s, and

10 Tips to Protect Your Money for Cyber Security Awareness Month

10 Tips to Protect Your Money for Cyber Security Awareness Month 10 Tips to Protect Your Money for Cyber Security Awareness Month 10 Tips to Protect Your Money for Cyber Security Awareness MonthWant to hear something really scary this Halloween season? If you dont keep your information safe online, scammers will be able to steal your identity and drain your bank accounts.October is the season of goblins and ghouls, but it’s also National Cyber Security Awareness Month! Launched in 2004 by the Department of Homeland Security and the nonprofit National Cyber Security Alliance, National Cyber Security Awareness Month is an opportunity to brush up on your personal security measures.With more and more of our financial information and transactions being handled online, staying smart about protecting your data can help protect your money from evil scamming forces.Unlike goblins and ghouls, these evil-doers have the advantage of being real. With that in mind, here are ten handy tips to get you started.1. Protect Your Login.You probably already know that you should have unique passwords for the different sites you reg ularly visit. But don’t just rely on a password to protect you online. The organization Stop.Think.Connect offers lots of good advice on Lock Down Your Login.Consider using free two-step authorization, biometrics (fingerprint or facial recognition) or a security key device for logging in, especially when dealing with financial transactions online.And remember: when it comes to your passwords, something thats easy to remember is probably also something thats easy to steal. The same goes for security questions.2. Connect with Care.If you’re doing any online banking or shopping, check the URL of the site. If it doesn’t have https:// or “shttp://” in the address, it’s not a secure site.If you’re using Wi-Fi hotspots, make sure you check security settings to ensure nobody else can access your machine. Or just wait to conduct business online until you know you’re on a secure Network.Similarly, many scammers will try to funnel you cloned version of real sites through email phishing scams. Instead of clicking the links they send you, go to the website yourself through your web browser.3. Don’t Press “Send” on Your Social Security Number.Never send your Social Security number or any other sensitive account information via email, even if you trust the recipient. Not only is email a favorite tool of modern-day scammers, but having your social security number in some elses inbox means that if they  get hacked,  your  information could be compromised as well.If an employer or someone else really needs that information, provide it in person or through “snail mail.” If you must email it, do so with an encrypted file. Your employers also shouldn’t be sending you tax documents via email.Back in 2016, John Patrick Pullen of Time Magazine wrote an informative piece about why email is so dangerous for protecting your Social Security information in 2016. Check it out to learn more.4. Streamline Your Inbox.Even if you think you’re being careful about n ot sending sensitive information online, you might have old emails hanging out with that personal data available.It’s a good idea to clean out your inboxes anyway, so make a special point of checking for anything that might have Social Security numbers, bank account numbers or other information that financial fraudsters might find tempting.Delete and then empty the trash.5. Keep a Clean Machine.Make sure your security software, web browser, and operating system are all updated. This will lessen the threat from hackers and phishing operations.And also make sure to use security software to scan USBs or other external devices connected to your computer so you don’t pick up any malware or viruses.We know that getting constant messages to update your system is annoying. We dont like it either. But taking the time to update and reboot your computer and your smartphone is worth it.6. When In Doubt, Don’t Click.If you get any emails or messages on social media sites such as Facebook t hat strike you as suspicious, delete and trash them without opening any links.This is especially true if it purports to be from a family member in need. The Federal Trade Commission has a whole page dedicated to these fake emergencies, also sometimes called “the grandparent scam” (presumably because elderly relatives are more susceptible).Dont let the scammer prey on your emotions by inventing a false sense of urgency. If you’re really worried about a loved one, call to find out if anything is happening before you provide financial information online or over the telephone.Even better, ask that  they  call or Skype  you. The last thing a scammer wants to do is blow their cover by letting you see their face/hear their voice. If your loved one refuses to hop on a call, its almost certainly a scam.7. Share With Smarts.In the age of social media, we all put up lots of photos and tidbits about ourselves. But try looking at your posts from the perspective of a thief. Make sure that n othing like old bank statements or any documents containing sensitive data end up in your photos.And thats not the only way that photos can get you in trouble. You should also be skeptical of images people use to identify themselves online. Oftentimes, a quick reverse image search using Google Images  will reveal whether or not that smoking hot dude youre flirting with online is actually five weaselly scammers trying to steal your info.8. To App or Not To App.If you’re adding a new app to your phone or tabletâ€"especially one related to financial management or shoppingâ€"check the security protocols first.Reputable banks and businesses should have that security information readily available for you. If it isn’t, or if you have any other doubts, skip that download.For a list of reputable personal finance apps, check out our App Directory.9. Avoid Suspicious Websites.If you’re on a site with poor design and multiple pop-ups, it’s not only annoying. It could be a clue that the site isn’t legitimate. If you still have to order something from such a site, Kimberly Palmer of U.S. News World Report  suggests that you use a credit card and not a debit card.As she notes, “Most credit cards have strict fraud protections in place. If a thief gains access to your checking account through a debit card, though, he could steal your savings.”Were not often in the business of telling people to use credit cards instead of debit cards, due to the increased risk of racking up high-interest debt. But when it comes to online shopping, by all means, use your credit cardâ€"just make sure you pay it off immediately.10. Own Your Online Presence.This tip also comes courtesy of Stop.Think.Connect, and it provides a macro blueprint for thinking about how your information zips along in our digital world.As they put it, “Personal information is like money. Value it. Protect it. Information about you, such as your purchase history or location, has valueâ€"just like money. Be thoughtful about who gets that information and how it’s collected through apps and websites.”Online shopping and banking operations aren’t going away. If you’re smart and conscientious, shopping and banking online needn’t be a scary experience. But always be sure to weight momentary convenience against the dire implications of having your identity stolen and your bank accounts drained.Were sure youll make the right decision. Now have a happy  National Cyber Security Awareness Month! Dont get scammed by any ghouls!to learn more about protecting yourself from scams and fraudsters, check out these related posts from OppLoans:How to Identify, Avoid, and Report a Government Grant ScamDating App Dangers: 7 Tips to Avoid Getting Scammed by a Fake RomanceDon’t Let Fake Debt Collectors Scam You Out of Money You Don’t Owe10 Common Scams: How They Work and How to Avoid ThemWhat other questions do you have about securing your online info? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Correlation Analysis in Sociological Research

Correlation is a term that refers to the strength of a relationship between two variables where a strong, or high, correlation means that two or more variables have a strong relationship with each other while a weak or low correlation means that the variables are hardly related. Correlation analysis is the process of studying the strength of that relationship with available statistical data. Sociologists can use statistical software like SPSS to determine whether a relationship between two variables is present, and how strong it might be, and the statistical process will produce a correlation coefficient that tells you this information. The most widely used type of  correlation coefficient  is the Pearson r. This analysis assumes that the two variables being analyzed are measured on at least  interval scales, meaning they are measured on a range of increasing value. The coefficient is calculated by taking the  covariance  of the two variables and dividing it by the product of their  standard deviations. Understanding the Strength of Correlation Analysis Correlation coefficients can range from -1.00 to 1.00 where a value of -1.00 represents a perfect negative correlation, which means that as the value of one variable increases, the other decreases while a value of 1.00 represents a perfect positive relationship, meaning that as one variable increases in value, so does the other. Values like these signal a perfectly linear relationship between the two variables, so that if you plot the results on a graph it would make a straight line, but a value of 0.00 means that there is no relationship between the variables being tested and would be graphed as separate lines entirely. Take for example the case of the relationship between education and income, which is demonstrated in the accompanying image. This shows that the more education one has, the more money they will earn in their job. Put another way, these data show that education and income are correlated  and that there is a strong positive correlation between the two—as education rises, so too does income, and the same kind of correlation relationship is found between education and wealth as well. The Utility of Statistical Correlation Analyses Statistical analyses like these are useful because they can show us how different trends or patterns within society might be connected, like unemployment and crime, for example; and they can shed light on how experiences and social characteristics shape what happens in a persons life. Correlation analysis lets us say with confidence that a relationship does or does not exist between two different patterns or variables, which allows us to predict the probability of an outcome among the population studied. A recent study of marriage and education found a strong negative correlation between the level  of education and the divorce rate. Data from the National Survey of Family Growth show that  as education level increases among women, the divorce rate for first marriages decreases. Its important to keep in mind, though, that correlation is not the same as causation, so while there exists a strong correlation between education and divorce rate, that does not necessarily mean the decrease in divorce among women is caused by the amount of education received.

Poetry By John Keats And Ode On Melancholy - 2129 Words

Poetry is a literary work which is portrayed by the expression of feelings and ideas by poets using a distinctive style or rhythmic pattern. It is used to convey many poets ideas and emotions in a way that is vivid and imaginative. Poetry allows the reader to imagine what the poet is describing through sensual descriptions and other literary devices that invite them to picture life in the eyes of the poet. In the poems â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† and â€Å"Ode on Melancholy† by John Keats, both poems stimulate an emotional response through their meaning. They describe that while in most cases joy can be experienced through feeling pain, fulfillment of happiness comes from living and thinking passionately. In order to experience joy and the wonderful things in life, you have to experience pain first and also surround yourself with the beauty of the gift of life and its many offerings. John Keats conveys this in his poetry by using literary devices such as imagery, perso nification, alliteration, and various sensual descriptions to describe the feeling of joy and happiness that can be experienced in many different ways throughout both poems. Although John Keats was not one of the many well known poets of his time, his poetry began to influence a diverse range of poets and writers after his death by the end of the 19th century. Keats, â€Å"Born in 1795, the son of a stable keeper, was raised in Moorfields, London† where he used many of his feelings throughout his life in his poetry. HeShow MoreRelatedGood Morning And Thankyou For Tuning Into The Poet s Voice1391 Words   |  6 Pagestoday I will be sharing with you a poem called â€Å"Ode on Melancholy†, by the British Romantic poet John Keats, who is arguably the most popular romantic poet of his era. Through a discussion of Keats and a close analysis of the poem I will talk about how â€Å"Ode on Melancholy† upholds the dominant ideologies of the romantic period, the period i n which the poem was constructed. First of all, we must delve into John Keats and explore his life a little. John Keats was born on the 31st of October, 1795, in LondonRead More Music and Poetry1695 Words   |  7 PagesMusic and Poetry The poetry of William Wordsworth initiated the Romantic Era by emphasizing emotion, intuition, and pleasure rather than form and affectation. His poems set the stage for John Keats, a central figure in early 19th century Romanticism. The fundamental themes in the works of both poets include: the beauty of nature; the consanguinity of dreams/visions and reality and yet the tendency of dreams to mask reality; the intense emotions brought about by beauty and/or suffering; andRead MoreJohn Keats : The Five Senses, Reality Departures, And Nature1628 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"If Poetry comes not as naturally as Leaves to a tree it had better not come at all† (biography). John Keats was an English-born poet who was known for his sonnets, romances, and epics. He was a well-known romantic poet who was criticized because of his style of poetry. In his poems, Keats uses frequent themes such as death, the five senses, reality departures, and nature. As a romantic poet, John Keats uses imagery and emotion based themes as way to display his beliefs in his poetry. Born inRead MoreThe Literary Transcendence Of John Keats Works Far Surpasses The Malevolent Criticism Of The Tory Journals1524 Words   |  7 PagesThe literary transcendence of John Keats’ works far surpasses the malevolent criticism of the Tory Journals. The beauty of Keats’ poems and letters, have held him in regard as the quintessential Romantic poet, whose short life was ultimately consumed by his struggle for acceptance in the dominant literary community. In the opening lines of Endymion, Keats writes ‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’; an assertion that anything beautiful will give unending pleasure - a belief that is carried throughoutRead MoreJohn Keats s Life Of Poetry1024 Words   |  5 PagesLike many poets, John Keats has had a very troubling and traumatic life and it shows in his writings of poetry. Death and many other awful troubles causing him to have a life that anyone would feel horrible in. John Keat’s poetry has many dark r ecurring themes. One speculation is that his poetry was an escape from his melancholy filled life. There are many aspects to Keats’s life that could have been motivation to write his poetry. One would say that he connected works of poetry with the events ofRead MoreThe Literary Techniques Used to Evoke the World of Senses in Keats Odes 1561 Words   |  7 Pagesappeal of each of our senses, taste, smell, touch, hearing and sight can all be heightened by certain aspects of poetry. The imagery of a poem has the ability to transport us into a different place or time, allowing the reader to experience new observations. When used correctly, imagery has the ability to form an understanding of different emotions the poet tries to address through their poetry. The sounds and diction incorporated into a piece also plays a role of major importance. The use of similesRead MoreArticle Analysis of Eric J Wilsons John Keats: The Miracle of Melancholia664 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Keats: The miracle of melancholia How can being sad be good? According to the British Romantic poet John Keats, the suffering Keats endured in his life was the wellspring of his art, rather than something to be avoided. That is why Professor Eric G. Wilson entitles his article about Keats: The miracle of melancholia. Keats lost his father when he was age nine to a freak accident and his mother and brother to tuberculosis. The poet eventually succumbed to the disease himself at a veryRead MoreSimilarities and Dissimilarities Between Shelley and Keats6975 Words   |  28 PagesSimilarities and dissimilarities Though P. B. Shelley and John Keats were mutual friends, but they have possessed the diversified qualities in their creativity. These two are the great contributors of English Literature, though their lifecycle were very short. Their comparison are also little with each other, while each are very much similar in thoughts, imagination, creation and also their lifetime. 01)  Attitude towards the Nature P. B. Shelley: Whereas older Romantic poets looked at nature asRead More John Keats Essay911 Words   |  4 Pages English Literature Biographical Speech Keats, John (1795-1821) English poet, one of the most gifted and appealing of the 19th century and a seminal figure of the romantic movement. Keats was born in London, October 31, 1795,and was the eldest of four children. His father was a livery-stable owner, however he was killed in a riding accident when Keats was only nine and his mother died six years later of tuberculosis. Keats was educated at the Clarke School, in Enfield, and at the age of 15 wasRead MoreHow Does Keats Express His Aesthetic Vision in ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’?1542 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Keats express his aesthetic vision in ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’? John Keats once said regarding Lord Byron that â€Å"he (Byron) describes what he sees, I describe what I imagine†. Keats is a typically Romantic poet in the way in which he uses the fluid boundaries of imagination within his poem to formulate his aesthetic vision which is projected in ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’. Pope notes that the etymology of ‘aesthetics’ derives from the Greek meaning ‘things perceptible to the sense’ and ‘sensory

Hitory Elective Notes Chapter 6 Free Essays

Tanjong Katong Secondary School Secondary Four History Elective Chapter 6: War in Europe How was Germany responsible for the outbreak of WWII? Hitler’s foreign policy aims:   Hitler wanted to make Germany ____ again by having a _________ and regaining the ____ lost by TOV. †¢ Wanted all German- speaking people to live together in one country called _____________. †¢ Felt that Germany’s growing population needed more room to live and grow food. We will write a custom essay sample on Hitory Elective Notes: Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He called this ___________ (living space). †¢ He could get his lebensraum by __________ lands east of Germany. Hated the _____________ ideology and wanted to conquer the Soviet Union to destroy _____________. †¢ SU had vast lands and Hitler believed that the Germans could use the lands for _________. Steps taken by Hitler: †¢ 1933: Hitler pulled Germany out of the ________________ organised by the League of Nations, announcing that she will disarm only if other nations did so as well. †¢ 1933: Pulled Germany out of ____________________. †¢ 1934: Increased the size of his ____ from 100, 000 to 300,000 men. (conscription) †¢ 1935: Increased the size of the army to 550,000 men reintroduced ___________________________ for all male citizens. Re-militarisation of ______________: †¢ TOV stated that no ________________ were to be in Rhineland after Allied troops had withdrawn. †¢ 1936: Ordered troops into ______________________________. †¢ Britain and France took no action against Germany. †¢ British claim: Germany was only ‘marching into its own backyard’. †¢ France unwilling to take action without Britain’s support. Anschluss with _______ †¢ TOV stated that there should be no ____________ (anschluss) between Germany and Austria. †¢ Hitler tried to take control of Austria. †¢ Hitler threatened Austrian Chancellor Schushnigg that he would send in his army. March 1938: German troops marched into Austria, which then became a _________ of Germany. How was the League of Nations responsible for the outbreak of WWII? Weaknesses of LON: †¢ An exclusive club for __________ of WWI. †¢ Germany was not treated well. †¢ By not treating all its members with _______________, it failed to win the _________ from members. †¢ Richest and most powerful member of the world – ______- not in the League = weak. †¢ Britain and France were the unofficial leaders of LON but only took action when it served their own ________. Poor leadership - members ______________ for the League. Members of the League were supposed to ________ each other through the use of __________________, but this was never applied. †¢ When League did not punish Japan when it attacked Manchuria, Italy and Germany went ahead with their attacks ________ that the League could not stop them. †¢ Did not have an ____ of its own, thus not in a position to _______ a country from ________. Failure to curb Italian aggression in ___________, 1936: †¢ Action: Benito _________ (Fascist leader of Italy) wanted to increase Italian influence in Abyssinia (today’s Ethiopia) and made plans to ______ it. Response: LON only implemented a _________ economic embargo against Italy. But this too was not fully implemented due to fear that any embargo would affect members’ own economies. †¢ LON was not _____ enough to protect countries from attacks by its members. Failure to encourage ___________  : †¢ France: Did not feel ____ from Germany and refused to disarm. †¢ Hitler: If other countries did not disarm, then Germany had the right to build up its armed forces and did so at a ____ pace. †¢ Other European countries: Began to rearm _______ Germany. Failure to preserve ______ of the League: †¢ Britain: Fear that Germany would have a navy ______ than hers. In 1935, signed the ______________________ which allowed Germany to increase the size of its navy to 35% of the British navy, including submarines, which were banned in TOV. †¢ Britain, the unofficial leader of the LON, broke the military terms of the TOV and placed her own interests first. †¢ Other members followed Britain’s example, instead of acting together to _________ the ___ of a ________ strong Germany. Failure to preserve _______________  : Due to ________________, many countries priced their goods more _______ than foreign goods, in an attempt to sell more of their goods overseas. †¢ They also tried to _______ foreign goods from being sold in other countries by raising ______ on the foreign goods. †¢ 1933: LON held international conference to stop countries from increasing tariffs, but none of the countries wanted to _________. †¢ Each country believed that it had to protect its own interest first – ______ war between countries. How were Britain and France responsible for the outbreak of WWII? Appeasement: __________ war at all costs by _________ to whatever the enemy country asks for. Reasons for appeasement: †¢ WWI, with its great __________ made war an __________ choice. †¢ Economies _______________ by WWI and GD. Needed to _________ economies and could not _____ to fight another war. †¢ Br and Fr needed more ____ to _________ their army. †¢ Many British and French ______ were fighting for their independence. Br and France could not afford to quell these rebellions and fight a major war in Europe at the same time. †¢ Felt that they could not win a war against Germany without the help of USA. USA was following a strict policy of ________ and would not get involved in any war in Europe. †¢ Felt that _________ was a bigger threat than _______. A strong Germany would prevent the spread of Communism from Soviet Russia to other parts of Europe. Example of appeasement: ______________ Crisis, 1938 †¢ Hitler wanted to take over Sudentenland (part of ______________) after Austria. †¢ Despised the Czech people as they were _____ – an ‘_______________’. †¢ Prosperous country ____ in resources. †¢ Over 3 million _________ living in Sudentenland – wanted to make it part of his Greater Germany. Sudetenland important for Czechoslovakia because of its _________ and heavy __________ located there. †¢ Encouraged members of the Sudetenland _____________ to make as much trouble for the Czech government so that it would give up Sudetenland. †¢ Czechoslovakia looked to Britain and France to stop Hitler, since Sudetenland was not a German land which had been taken away by TOV. It had never ___________ to Germany. †¢ Britain and France feared that Europe will be _______ into a war if the crisis was not solved. †¢ Br PM Neville _____________ went to Germany three times in Sept 1938 in and effort to prevent war. 3rd meeting in _______ – Representatives from Br, Fr, Italy, Germany attended, but not ______ or ______. †¢ Munich Agreement: Germany would not be stopped from taking Sudetenland. In exchange, Hitler promised not to take any more land in Europe. †¢ Chamberlain happy that war had been __________. Impact of appeasement: †¢ Policy of appeasement had merely _____________ greater ___________ from Germany, since Hitler was _________ that Britain and France would give in to all his demands/actions, as they did not want to get involved in a bigger war. End of appeasement: March 1939: Hitler invaded ______________. †¢ Invasion convinced Br and Fr that Hitler could no longer be _______ and ended their policy of appeasement. How was Soviet Union responsible for the outbreak of WWII? Stalin’s concerns: †¢ Worried about the rise of Hitler, who openly stated that he ______ Communism. †¢ ________ was Hitler’s next target and it was _________ on USSR’s western front. †¢ 1934: Stalin joined _______________ to gain _____________ for USSR from Germany. †¢ However, he was concerned that the LON will not protect USSR since it took no ______ against Germany when it broke terms of TOV. Believed that Br and Fr wanted to see Communism _____________ too. Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939: †¢ Pact of _________ between Germany and USSR. †¢ Hitler’s reason: wanted Poland but worried about fighting a war on two ______ – Br and Fr on western border and USSR on eastern border. †¢ Stalin’s reason: To avoid war with Germany. †¢ Terms: USSR would remain _______ if Germany attacked Poland. In exchange, they would ________ Poland between them. †¢ Reaction: Came as a ______ to the world as Hitler hated Communism and USSR. Significance: Gave Hitler _________ to invade Poland, as he would not have to face a two-front war. †¢ On 1 Sept 1939, he ________ Poland, confident that his army would be able to handle a war with Br and Fr, if they responded at all. †¢ The following day, Br and Fr _________ a _________ from Poland or face a war. †¢ Hitler _________. Br and Fr _______________ on Germany. Questions to ponder: Who/what was responsible for the outbreak of WWII and to what extent? What were the long term causes of the war? What were the short term causes of the war? What were the factors which triggered the war? How to cite Hitory Elective Notes: Chapter 6, Papers

Terms of Investment Agreements

Question: Concerned of any future policy reversal measure that may put at risk the terms of investment agreements, investors in the oil sector often seek guarantee, contractual or otherwise. The need to address such fears thus saw the proliferation of stabilisation clauses in oil and gas contracts. These clauses are believed to maintain the stability of the terms that were originally agreed upon. In particular, the fiscal regime aspect of the agreement is at the heart of such clauses. Answer: Introduction Whenever an organization plans to work on a long-term project, they have to be concerned about the security o the project. The project can be harmed by many things both internal and external. One of the issues that usually the organization or the investors of the project faces is a political risk. As a long term project, it can anytime be affected by any political changes. The only way to get rid of these kinds of issues is the stabilization clauses. Stabilization clause is nothing but a legal legislation or permits for the project lenders or the organization to secure the whole project from any political risks. Overview of stabilization clauses Stabilization clauses are something that can determine the future of any long term project as well the future of the organization, working on that particular project. There are many examples which show that lots of companies have faced severe downfall because of the lack of stabilization clause. Thus to run a long term project successfully it must for an organization to get the proper legal permits or the stabilization clauses. There are various kinds of clauses, each and every clause is equally important. They have their value to the business of the organization and mainly to the project. Types of stabilization clause There are many kinds of stabilization clauses. Every clause has its importance and value and serves to the security of the long-term project. The clauses which are mainly used by the investors of the project are freezing clauses, hybrid clauses, and economic equilibrium clauses. The freezing clauses freeze or fix the domestic regulation or legislation of the project. The economic stability clauses mainly help the project or the investor economically. The hybrid clause is a mixture of the freezing clause and the economic equilibrium clause. The motif of all of these clauses is the same, which is to secure the long-term project from any political risks as a whole. Aims of stabilization clause In the above passages the importance and the work of the stabilization, clauses are already briefly mentioned. Now it is time to analyze the goal of the stabilization clauses. The prime aim of the stabilization clause is to secure the organization or the long term project from any political risks. To be more prcised it can also be referred as one of the many integral parts or aspects of running a long term project successfully (Assaf Alfadly 2011). For example, these clauses are mainly used in various oil producing countries. Oil producing projects are obviously a long term project or assignment. If any organization or investor does not pay attention to the importance of the stabilization clause, they would surely have to suffer due to the political issues or risks in the future. Whenever a political change occurs, it also changes some other sects of society as well as business. Sometimes these changes can even cause harmful to the projects and the investors themselves. Oil producing projects are very expensive to handle. Thus the investors of the projects must be very careful towards the investments. Foreign investors invest lots of money for these kinds of projects. So if any political change or factor harms them, it would be a great loss. That means it is the responsibility of the stabilization clauses to secure their investments also. The investors can feel very safe with the help of these clauses, and they can be free to invest in long-term projects like these (Steingold 2004). There is another contribution of the stabilization clauses that should be mentioned. Because of the risk factors to be more prcised the political risk factors, many investors are backing out. They are refusing to invest in any long-term projects which are ultimately harming the world of business. Thus, in this case, the stabilization clauses are playing a very vital role. They are not only securing the projects or the investments of the foreign investors, similarly, but they are als o ensuring the whole world of business. The investors are feeling safer to invest in any long term projects. That is why more long term projects are taking place which is turning beneficial for the entire community or nation. Thus from the above passages, it is evident that the stabilization clauses are playing one of the most vital roles in the success of the long-term contracts(Millen and Pruitt 2011). Thus it main aims is to secure the project taking place, to ensure the investments of the foreign investors and last but not the least, to secure the economy of a community or nation. Without these clauses, no organization would be able to avoid the political risks and to run the project successfully. In one word it can also be stated that the stabilization clauses help to build a healthy and legal relationship between the host government and the foreign investors(Between Fair and Equitable Treatment and Stabilization Clause: 2011). Stabilization clauses in respect not only affect o nly an organization but a whole nation in the process of implementation of latest laws during the contract of the project. Functions of stabilization clause The primary purpose behind the behind the stabilization clauses is to render and preclude the agreements from the adverse action of the government. It may be legislative or administrative. In such a clause typical provisions preclude the application to the approval of any subsequent statutory or regulatory act which is issued by the government that may cause an impact on the contractual regime that is already entered into by different parties. During the duration of the project to tie hands of the state party under a natural source development and international energy contract is the primary purpose of the clause so that the state party is unable to interfere with the investor's interests. Behind the negotiation, there are some driving clauses included. That results in the growing and continuous fear of the host government. Behind the concernedness of the interest of the government, it also attracts much more and more investors who force them to submit to such prospective demands of the investors(Patnaik, Shah and Singh 2013). This type of clauses also assures the investors about all the future actions that may be taken by the government and also promises about any laws of the host government which can affect the contracting agreement's terms and conditions. Stabilization clause wants to protect the agreement from any action of the government in future which may be legislative or regulatory. It can be said more accurately that stabilization clause is an explicit commitment to the foreign country that by legislation or any other means the agreements must not be altered without the willingness or permission of the other contracting party(Conscience clause concern 2013). There are many categories of stabilization clauses. Such as Intangibility clause which says that the government cannot modify or change the contract in a single way. Another variety means that the governing law of the contract will be the part of the contracting state when the contract is executed . Thus it prevents the application of subsequent changes which is in the contracting state's law. The other variety says that the agreement should be performed by good faith that will preclude the single way of any modification or termination of the agreement. There is another type of clause which is known as the allocation of burden. These types of clauses try to allocate the related burdens and fiscal which are created by the unilateral change in the law. These types of clauses are common for the relative weight which is to be supported by the state or the National Oil Company. Another type of clauses like Balancing Clauses commonly dubs the economic stabilization clauses which provide for automatic negotiations or adjustments that help to restate the initial economic balance. Thus the limited scope of stabilization clauses to the developing countries is much more appealing as it does not limit the legislative powers. These are the prime and essential functions of the stabilizatio n clause. From the above-mentioned aspect, it can easily be understood that how much important and valuable the stabilization clauses are for the betterment as well as the security of any long-term projects, here the oil producing projects(FENTIMAN 2015). The way they seek to achieve the stability The various types of stabilization clauses are mentioned and discussed in the above passages and also their working process and objectivity is well explained. Now it is the time to see if they are meeting their objectivities. In other words, what the stabilization clauses are achieving and how they are achieving that. For that is needed to have a stronger and concrete knowledge about the practical outcomes of the stabilization clause. The oil contracts are usually long-term and very expensive. Thus they are always affected by various dynamic factors such as the current position of the market, the state of politics and the state of the economy of the nation. These social and political factors are complimentary to each other and directly related to the contracts along with the investors and the project lenders. So if any of these aspects change, the project as a whole will undoubtedly be affected. However, it is in a negative way as well as in a positive way. Mostly the change of these factors cause suffers and downfall to the organizations and the projects they are working. In these cases, the stabilization shows their capabilities to make the money of the investors and the allover project secure. Thus it is quite clear that the answer to the question if the stabilization clauses are reaching their objectives, is obviously yes. Since few decades the stabilization clauses have proved themselves to be one of the main and most important parts of the long-term contracts(KBR partners with Azerbaijan's national oil company 2015). Foreign investors are very much dependent on these clauses as the stabilization clause makes them feel safe with their investments in the project. Otherwise as mentioned earlier many investors were backing out due to these social and political risk factors. Nowadays many of the countries such as China, Algeria, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Ecuador are investing money and getting into long term oil contracts, and more foreign investors are coming f orward to invest in these projects. These show the value and the success of the stabilization clauses. The success of the long term oil contracts is the evidence of the stability of these clauses. Thus all that is happening all over the world related to the long-term projects and the investors along with the stabilization clauses are obviously beneficial for the economy of any particular nation or community. Conclusion To conclude the essay it must be admitted that the stabilization clauses have contributed a lot to the economy as well to the world of business. The stabilization clauses are the reason for which the investors nowadays feel much safer to invest their money in any long term project like oil producing. Without the help of these mentioned clauses investors and also the project, lenders would have never been able to do their job or project properly. Political risks are something that can cause much harm to any organization or the project. Thus these kinds of risks should be avoided by the group or the investors to run their project successfully. For that, they have to get some permit from the hosting government of that particular state or nation. Stabilization clause gives the organizations along with the foreign investors these kinds of facilities to get rid of any political change or political risks and allows the company to do their jobs with ease. In the oil producing countries stabi lization clauses can also be defined as an integral part of the oil producing projects. The above essay deals with the importance, aim and the working process of the stabilization clauses and also their value to the projects as well as to the whole organization. The mentioned aspects of the stabilization clauses are enough to understand what importance these stabilization clauses holds to run a long term project successfully. Finally to end the essay a strong statement should be made in the support of the stabilization clause itself and its huge contribution to the economy and business of many nations. References Assaf Alfadly, A. (2011). Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) Marketing Strategy in Oil Sector.IJMS, 3(1). Between Fair and Equitable Treatment and Stabilization Clause:. (2011).The Journal of World Investment Trade, 12(6), p.vii-806. Conscience clause concern. (2013).The Pharmaceutical Journal. FENTIMAN, R. (2015).International commercial litigation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. KBR partners with Azerbaijan's national oil company. (2015).Pump Industry Analyst, 2015(3), p.4. Millen, R. and Pruitt, C. (2011).The government assistance center. Carlisle, PA: Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, U.S. Army War College. Patnaik, I., Shah, A. and Singh, N. (2013). Foreign Investors under Stress: Evidence From India.International Finance, 16(2), pp.213-244. Steingold, F. (2004).Legal forms for starting running a small business. Berkeley, CA: Nolo.