Free Essays on Clytaemnestra

â€Å"Agamemnon† is the first play in a trilogy of plays called â€Å"The Oresteia,† written by Aeschylus. In this story, there is one character who the audience tends to side with and have sympathy for. This character is Agamemnon’s wife, Clytamestra. Clytamestra’s daughter, Iphigenia, was sacrificed by Agamemnon so that he could obtain favorable wind to carry the Greek fleet to Troy ( The country with which he had conflicts.) During is ten year long absence, Clytamestra takes on Argisthus, Agamemnon’s cousin, as her lover. Also during this time, Clytamestra plans to murder Agamemnon with ruthless determination and feels no guilt after his death. Clytamestra’s infidelity and lack of a pure heart leads us to ask one of the play’s central critical questions: should the audience support Clytamestra? Is she a wronged woman seeking revenge, or a murdering adulteress? Clytamestra has been having an affair with another man and she has used deception in order to gain favor and sympathy from those around her. She also, in cold blood, murders her husband and his innocent slave and mistress, Cassandra, who was kidnapped from Troy. These facts are all evidence supporting the truth that Clytamestra was not innocent, but that she was a murdering adulteress. When Clytamestra is informed that the war over Troy was won, she quickly and deceptively acts thrilled. She makes claims about how much she missed her husband and how faithful she has been to him. She says, â€Å" May he return to find her true at hall, just as the day he left her, faithful to the last.† (601-602) Clytamestra knows that she has not been faithful, but she also knows that it is right and favored in society’s eyes when a woman is faithful. She has slept with Agamemnon’s cousin, aegisthus, for the past ten years and is very guilty of infidelity. Clytamestra tries to hide her adulteress ways, because she knows it does not reflect well on her and her ‘in... Free Essays on Clytaemnestra Free Essays on Clytaemnestra â€Å"Agamemnon† is the first play in a trilogy of plays called â€Å"The Oresteia,† written by Aeschylus. In this story, there is one character who the audience tends to side with and have sympathy for. This character is Agamemnon’s wife, Clytamestra. Clytamestra’s daughter, Iphigenia, was sacrificed by Agamemnon so that he could obtain favorable wind to carry the Greek fleet to Troy ( The country with which he had conflicts.) During is ten year long absence, Clytamestra takes on Argisthus, Agamemnon’s cousin, as her lover. Also during this time, Clytamestra plans to murder Agamemnon with ruthless determination and feels no guilt after his death. Clytamestra’s infidelity and lack of a pure heart leads us to ask one of the play’s central critical questions: should the audience support Clytamestra? Is she a wronged woman seeking revenge, or a murdering adulteress? Clytamestra has been having an affair with another man and she has used deception in order to gain favor and sympathy from those around her. She also, in cold blood, murders her husband and his innocent slave and mistress, Cassandra, who was kidnapped from Troy. These facts are all evidence supporting the truth that Clytamestra was not innocent, but that she was a murdering adulteress. When Clytamestra is informed that the war over Troy was won, she quickly and deceptively acts thrilled. She makes claims about how much she missed her husband and how faithful she has been to him. She says, â€Å" May he return to find her true at hall, just as the day he left her, faithful to the last.† (601-602) Clytamestra knows that she has not been faithful, but she also knows that it is right and favored in society’s eyes when a woman is faithful. She has slept with Agamemnon’s cousin, aegisthus, for the past ten years and is very guilty of infidelity. Clytamestra tries to hide her adulteress ways, because she knows it does not reflect well on her and her ‘in...

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian Carter G. Woodson (December 19, 1875–April 3, 1950) is known  as the father of black history and black studies. He worked tirelessly to establish the field of African-American history in the early 1900s, founding the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and its journal. This son of two former slaves, he rose from modest origins to become the respected and groundbreaking historian who founded Negro History Week, today known as Black History Month. Fast Facts: Carter Woodson Known For: Known as the father of black history, Woodson founded Negro History Week, upon which Black History Month is foundedBorn: December 19, 1875 in New Canton, VirginiaParents: Anne Eliza Riddle Woodson and James Henry WoodsonDied: April 3, 1950 in Washington, D.C.Education: B.A. and M.A., University of Chicago. Ph.D., Harvard UniversityPublished Works:  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, A Century of Negro Migration, The History of the Negro Church, The Negro in Our HistoryAwards and Honors: 1926 NAACP Spingarn Medal, 1984 U.S. Postal Service 20 cent stamp honoring WoodsonNotable Quote: Those who have no record of what their forebears have accomplished lose the inspiration which comes from the teaching of biography and history. Early Life Woodsons parents owned a 10-acre tobacco farm near the James River in Virginia and their children had to spend most of their days doing farm work to help the family survive. This wasnt an unusual situation for farm families in late 19th-century America, but it did mean that young Woodson had little time to pursue his studies. Two of his uncles ran a schoolroom that met five months out of the year, and Woodson attended when he could. He learned to read using the Bible and his fathers newspapers in the evening. As a teenager, he went to work in the coal mines. During his free time, Woodson continued his education on his own, reading the writings of Roman philosopher Cicero and the Roman poet Virgil. Education When he was 20 years old, Woodson enrolled at Frederick Douglass High School in West Virginia, where his family then lived. He graduated in a year and went on to Berea College in Kentucky and Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. While he was still in college, he became an educator, teaching high school and serving as a principal. After his college graduation in 1903, Woodson spent time teaching in the Philippines and also traveled, visiting the Middle East and Europe. When he returned to the U.S., he enrolled at the University of Chicago and received both his bachelors and masters degrees in the spring of 1908. That fall, he became a doctoral student in history at Harvard University. The Founder of Black History Woodson was not the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in history from Harvard; that distinction went to W.E.B. Du Bois. But when Woodson graduated in 1912, he embarked on the project of making the history of black Americans both visible and respected. Contemporary conventional historians were white and had a very narrow scope in their historical narratives; one of Woodsons professors at Harvard, Edward Channing, asserted that the negro had no history. Channing was not alone in this sentiment, and U.S. history textbooks and coursework emphasized political history, which covered the history of the white middle-class and affluent men. Woodsons first book was on the history of African-American education titled,  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, published in 1915. In his preface, he emphasized the importance and power of the African-American story: [T]he accounts of the successful strivings of Negroes for enlightenment under most adverse circumstances read like beautiful romances of a people in an heroic age. The same year that his first book came out, Woodson took the important step of creating an organization to promote the study of African-American history and culture. It was called the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). He founded it with four other African-American men; they agreed to the project during a meeting at the YMCA and envisioned an association that would promote publishing in the field but also racial harmony by improving historical knowledge. The association had an accompanying journal that still exists today, The Journal of Negro History, which began in 1916. In 1920, Woodson became dean of the School of Liberal Arts at Howard University, and it was there that he created a formal African-American history survey course. That same year, he founded Associated Negro Publishers to promote African-American publishing. From Howard, he went on to West Virginia State, but in 1922 he retired from teaching and devoted himself entirely to scholarship. Woodson moved to Washington, D.C., and erected the permanent headquarters for the ASNLH. Woodson also continued to publish works such as  A Century of Negro Migration (1918), The History of the Negro Church (1921), and The Negro in Our History (1922). Negro History Week If Woodson had stopped there, he still would be remembered for helping to usher in the field of African-American history. But he wanted to spread knowledge of this history to black students of all ages. In 1926, he hit upon an idea- a week purely devoted to the celebration of the achievements of African-Americans. Negro History Week, the progenitor of todays Black History Month, began the week of Feb. 7, 1926. The week included the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. Black educators, with Woodsons encouragement, rapidly adopted the week-long study of African-American history. Later Life and Death Woodson spent the rest of his life studying, writing about, and promoting black history. He fought to keep African-American history alive at a time when most white historians were actively hostile to the idea. He kept the ASNLH and its journal going, even when funding was scarce. Woodson died at his home in Washington, D.C., at the age of 74 on April 3, 1950. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in  Maryland. Legacy Woodson did not live to see Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregation in schools illegal, nor did he live to see the creation of Black History Month in 1976. But his brainchild, Negro History Week, is the direct predecessor of this significant educational advance. His efforts to highlight the achievements of African-Americans gave to the civil rights generation a deep appreciation of the heroes who had preceded them and in whose footsteps they were following. The achievements of African-Americans like Crispus Attucks and Harriet Tubman  are part of the standard U.S. history narrative today, thanks to Carter G. Woodson. Sources Baldwin, Neil. The American Revelation: Ten Ideals That Shaped Our Country from the Puritans to the Cold War. Macmillan, 2006.Carter G. Woodson: Father of Black History. Ebony. vol. 59, no. 4, February 2004. pp. 20, 108-110.Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene. The University of Illinois Press, 2007.Woodson, Carter G. The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. G.P. Putnams sons, 1915.

Negligence Liablity Case Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Negligence Liablity Case - Term Paper Example For an individual to be sufficiently culpable under the law it has to be shown that they intended a specific outcome that is in question. The law holds responsible an individual who fails to make proper decisions with regard to their individual conduct (Reitz, 2006). Contract law Business relationships are made and invariably involve contracts that range from leases to contracts of employment and contracts of professional services. Breach of contracts can often lead to action in courts of law, if the action succeeds an award of damages or an order of specific performance or an injunction can be given. In contract, drafting there is an implied term that services are to be undertaken with reasonable skill and care. There are various provisions. Contractual breaches can give rise to both actions of breach of contract and for negligence. Tort law In American law of tort, negligence has been seen as a distinct cause of action brought before the court system. The US system defines negligen ce as conduct falling below standard established and provided for by the law in a bid to protect others against such unreasonable risk of harm that can be borne from conduct. It is prudent for a cause of action to suffice five elements have to be present that is; duty of care was owed to the plaintiff by the defendant and that duty was breached and that there’s an actual causal connection between resulting harm and the defendant’s conduct and that there's a sufficient proximity between the cause and the foreseeable harm as in the case of Koprowski v. Manatee County, 519 So.2d 78 (Fla. App. 2 Dist. 1988) and as a consequence damage was caused. Sometimes legislatures or other laws as appropriate may provide for special duties of care, as in the instance of lawyers and doctors. Since they are also required to have a standard to which conforms to standard duty of care within their profession. When this professional fails to uphold that specified standard; will be inevitabl e in the form of malpractice charges, which are based on the law of negligence. Additionally, in McCarthy v. State, 562 N.Y.S.2d 190 (A.D. 1990) it was found by the court that US Consumer Product Safety Commission guidelines on the safety of playgrounds didn’t establish as a matter of law applicable standard of duty of care in a playground accident as evident in the court's inherent decision it was not mandatory that they are the exclusive standards to be applied for playground safety (White, 2003). Agency Law Causes of action under this law arise where the agency is held liable for tortuous acts of an agent. Generally, an agency is deemed negligent in providing the agent with the capability to engage in a particular conduct. Under the American law action may arise from; negligent supervision of the agencies agents, negligent training, and negligent retention of the agent. This type of negligence may seem to overlap with vicarious liability, they are however on distinct groun ds (Munday, 2008). Sometimes an agency might have their own guidelines in some cases not as in City of Miami v. Ameller, 472 So.2d 728 (Fla. 1985) where the court found the city’s own standards of duty could be considered in determining whether a city has violated its legal duty of care when maintaining its parks for safe public use. Corporate Law As evident from above businesses and individuals alike may be financially and legally liable for injuries occasioned by negligent

Strang Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strang Steel - Essay Example Gross Profit Margin: This ratio tells the profit of the firm in relation to sales, after the cost of producing the goods is deducted. Over the three years, the gross profit has been declining showing the inefficiency of Strang Steel's operations.Net Profit Margin: This ratio depicts the profit in relation to sales that a firm earns after taking account of all the expenses and taxes. It tells a firm's net income per dollar of sales. The net profit has also been declining over the three years showing that Strang Steel's sales profitability has declined. This could be attributed to the expenses rising steadily over the three years and eating out of the profits.Return on Equity: This ratio shows the return earned on the funds invested by the shareholders of the company. This ratio is also on the decline over the three years showing that the shareholders are getting less and less of their worth and the company is providing weak investment opportunities.Current Ratio: This ratio measures t he firm's ability to meet short-term obligations. It shows the effectiveness of the utilization of current assets to meet short-term liabilities. Strang Steel's current ratio has declined steadily in the three years showing that the current assets are proving less and less useful in meeting the current liabilities and hence the inability of the company to pay its bills. Quick Ratio: This ratio is more conservative in its approach to measuring a firm's liquidity position as it excludes inventories (the least liquid portion of the current assets). This ratio is between currents assets excluding stocks and current liabilities. From the year 2003 to 2004, the quick ratio has increased showing that the firm is efficiently meeting its short-term obligations but from year 2004 to 2005, the ratio has dipped showing the current assets have not been utilized in the proper manner to maintain the rising trend of the previous years. Average Collection Period: This ratio tells us the average number of days that receivables are outstanding before being collected. From the year 2003 to year 2004, the days have risen showing that Strang Steel has a very lenient policy with regard to collecting its receivables and the debtors are taking a long time in paying their dues. Having too many receivables is not good for the money as a lot of money is tied up which could be invested elsewhere. However, from the year 2004 to 2005, the number of days has sharply declined showing the change of the management's policy regarding receivables and the debtors paying up in just 20 days. Inventory Turnover in Days: This ratio illustrates the number of days on average before inventory is turned into accounts receivables through sales. The number of days has declined over the three years showing that Strang Steel has gotten effective each year in turning its inventory into sales. Total Asset Turnover: This ratio shows the relationship of sales to total assets. This ratio has increas

Internal Functions and External Relationships - NWTB Essay Example for Free

Internal Functions and External Relationships NWTB Essay The ICT department is concerned with supporting the other functions of the organisation and the clients externally of the organisation. Its job is to ensure that ICT is being used as a support to help the other functions to operate as effectively as possible. Mr Povey has been involved in the implementation of standard kit throughout the NWTB as well as the organisations with whom they have a relationship externally. He has also been responsible for helping the clients (e.g. hotels, tourist attractions) to use ICT to effectively promote themselves and in turn the Northwest as a tourist destination. The NWTB is aiming for competitive advantage, e.g. they want tourists to visit the Northwest more than any other region in the UK. ICT can act as a tool to aid in the process of competitive advantage. The ICT departments role is to ensure that whilst ICT investment comes at a huge initial cost to the organisation, it is worthwhile, will provide value for money and is necessary in the long run to ensure stability and survival for the business in the future. Whether or not the ICT systems provide value for money will depend on how effective the systems are that are implemented and how well the user uses them. The ICT department are responsible for evaluating the systems in place and updating them as necessary to ensure they continue to support as opposed to hinder the operation of the organisations. The ICT department is split into 2 areas. The area responsible for maintenance of the current system and providing a service to the users within the organisation of the NWTB. This involves daily troubleshooting tasks like fixing broken machines and printers as well as maintenance of the network. It also involves the identification of training needs of those who use ICT within the NWTB as well as provision of training for those users. Secondly, the responsibility that Mr Povey has of promoting the effective use of ICT to destinations across the Northwest ensuring they can compete and provide tourists with excellent service e.g. by booking rooms or tickets on the internet or over the phone. This aspect of ICT falls mainly under the Operations function of the NWTB because it is this aspect of ICT that covers the providing of a service. The NWTB provides a service to its members e.g. the local hotels and tourist destinations, helping them to employ effective ICT systems, they in turn can provide a better, more competitive service to tourists. Mr Poveys role does not involve in any way the maintenance of the systems used by members, he simply acts as an advisor to members and can inform them of any funding they may apply for to help with purchasing ICT equipment. He does also help to identify training needs of members and organise training events. Some of the benefits of using ICT within the NWTB * Improved accuracy from basic typing of letters to automation of financial spreadsheets * Faster processing leading to faster responses e.g. e-mail communication between departments, purchase orders being completed using computers etc. * Information available for management that previously wouldnt have been available in time or may not have been in enough detail or as concise * Tighter control as a result of easily accessible financial information * Reduced costs as staff can be more productive with the support of ICT e.g. use of mail merge reduces the time and effort required for typing and sending a standard letter to a number of clients. * New sources of information to allow for improved marketing * Faster, more effective communication with regional and sub regional partners * Some of the benefits of using ICT to the NWTB members * Promotion can advertise to a wider audience not previously reached because of distance from the location, via Internet. * Sales improved marketing information results in increased sales. Ability to sell tickets and accept on-line booking improves sales as the business becomes available to a wider audience * Management information increased advanced ticket sales and bookings enables management to plan better and so be better prepared for requirements in terms of stock levels, number of staff needed, car parking issues etc. * Access to competitor information using the Internet management can research into what competitors are doing e.g. special offers and can compete with their own promotion ideas. * Production of promotional materials management can use their own systems to produce their own leaflets and flyers so saving money on printing costs * Financial Information management can store details in an automated spreadsheet making financial monitoring and planning quick and easy. * Data Storage management can store information about clients on a database which requires littler physical space and can be searched more quickly as opposed to sifting through a large paper based directory or file to find customer details. * Faster, more effective customer services customers can be dealt with quickly and efficiently if business data is stored on an easy to use system e.g. hotel booking systems. On some hotels customers can run up a bill using the bar, restaurant, leisure facilities etc if the business has a centralised computer based facility. Customers can see their billing information for a stay in the hotel on one printed sheet as opposed to keeping hold of a number of receipts. The customer is not required to pay for services individually as they pay for everything at the end. This can enhance the customers experience of staying in a hotel. Happy customers will usually spread the word and recommend a hotel to friends and relations as well as planning a return visit themselves. This all helps the businesses in their pursuit of competitive advantage. * More effective communication the businesses will be able to communicate with clients, suppliers, service providers etc via e-mail. How does ICT help NWTB to operate effectively? Suppose that there was a huge tourist event being organised in Southport. Then there are a number of jobs to be done within the NWTB to ensure the promotion and success of this event. The marketing department will carry out some research to establish the make-up of the target audience for the event and will then decide on the best methods of promotion for the event. For example, texting a large group of people, producing and displaying posters throughout the region, distributing flyers, sending leaflets directly to peoples houses, radio and TV advertising etc. ICT may be used to design a questionnaire to establish the target audience and those interested in attending the event. ICT may be used to input and analyse information about the potential audience The marketing department will have a large database with the details of people who have been to events in the past and will also have access to information about the make-up of households in the area. ICT may be used to access databases with peoples contact details and mail merge this with a standard letter to be sent to the households of the target audience. Marketing will need to speak to finance about the available budget for promotion and advertising. A spreadsheet may be used to calculate the amount of money available from the NWTB budget. A further spreadsheet may be created by the marketing department to allow them to keep track of all financial transactions that take place in relation to this particular event. This may also help them to make important decisions about how much to spend on aspects of the promotion. Information will be sent to local hotels and guesthouses about the event to inform them that there may be business to be gained from the event in that people who attend from outside the region will need somewhere to stay. This may be done using e-mail and attachments. Marketing will need to send copies of invoices and bills for the production of leaflets, posters etc. to the finance department so that the finance department can pay the bills. Administration will be responsible for word processing and sending the standard letter to households promoting the event. After the event the marketing department will need to evaluate the success of the event and its impact on the region. Was the event worthwhile to the region? They will need to collect and analyse information from a variety of sources to assess its impact. ICT will be useful at all stages in this complex evaluation process. What are the external relationships that NWTB has? Department for Culture, Media and Sport National Level DCMS champions good quality and service for tourists, from the UK and overseas. We encourage and help the tourism industry to improve what it has to offer for all our visitors and to promote a positive image abroad. Tourism Policy DCMS Ministers are very keen to modernise and reform the tourism industry, working more closely than before with the industry, and current tourism policy is focusing on improving structures, marketing, data, quality and skills, as follows: * The industry has formed a new body, the Tourism Alliance, to represent its views better to Government and catalyse actions to help delivery of policy objectives * VisitBritain was set up on 1 April 2003, bringing together the English Tourism Council (ETC) and the British Tourist Authority (BTA) * The relaunched body has a new and significant marketing role for England, including the development of e-tourism * Funding which previously went to Regional Tourist Boards via the ETC will now be channelled via the Regional Development Agencies * Major reviews on quality and data have been initiated, consulting the industry and others as appropriate * Industry and Government are working in close partnership on the skills agenda, and the Government is strongly supporting the establishment of a Sector Skills Council for Tourism Current policy as described above builds upon Tomorrows Tourism, the Governments 1999 strategy for the development of tourism in England. Good progress has already been made in delivering Tomorrows Tourism, which has also brought together a number of Government departments who are working closely with DCMS and the tourism industry to implement the strategy. Important areas not mentioned explicitly above, such as sustainable development of tourism and increasing access to tourism, are now considered as a matter of course in policy development and delivery. Support Structures In April 2003 the strengths and resources of the British Tourist Authority and the English Tourism Council were combined in one organisation, renamed VisitBritain. VisitBritain is responsible for promoting Britain overseas and England to the domestic market. Its key roles are to boost Britains income from tourism through professional and effective marketing, and to provide a framework within which the tourism industry can work in closer partnership. With its network of overseas offices, VisitBritain helps the over 120,000 tourism businesses in Britain reach overseas customers cost-effectively. For England, VisitBritain provides a central coordination role to make the most of the collective effort of all sectors promoting tourism in England to a domestic audience. A greater role in tourism for Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) in England is a major strand of the Governments programme of tourism reform. Since 1 April 2003, the RDAs are playing a stronger part in the strategic leadership of tourism, working both individually and together with each other within the new national framework for tourism strategy and marketing. The Regional Tourist Boards are the RDAs natural partners and will be funded by the RDAs, for the next three years at least, at a level equivalent to the project funding they received in 2002-03 from the former English Tourism Council. This amounts to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.6 million per year. This arrangement excludes London, for which there are separate arrangements with the Greater London Authority. Regional Partners Other regions of the UK who all work together to help implememtn the strategy for the whole of the UK Sub Regional Partners regions that make up the Northwest. They share good practise and work together to promote the region as a whole. Lancashire Tourist Board Cheshire County Council North West Development Agency The Mersey Partnership Marketing Manchester Cumbria Tourist Board The NWTB also has a relationship with a number of smaller businesses within the sub regioanl partners e.g. small hotels, tourist attractions etc. The NWTB also has a relationship with all the organisations listed below as a business cannot function independently of these. The Inland Revenue, Customs and Excise, Insurers, ISPs, Data service providers, Computer and communications equipment suppliers, Courier Services, Utilities, Local authority departments, Advertising Agencies, Printer Firms. How is information used in the NWTB? Operations: * Purchasing * Work Scheduling- The NWTB will use this daily as they need to gain up to date information from all organisations. They will need to know where employees are in case another job comes up that is more important. * Delivery- The NWTB would need to make sure its customers where kept up to date with the latest technology, however, it is then up to the organisation as to whether they would like to utilise the technology. With small businesses the NWTB often spearheads the idea for the introduction of ICT into the business for more effective and efficient productivity. This means they may often have to supply their clients with computers in order to give them the best deal on, often, a small budget. Marketing: * Market Trends- Systems for studying market trends need to record and present data as defined by the current user, whether it be number of tourists visiting one attraction, or what attractions are open at that present time. Price and performance trends are also covered. * Analysis of competitive activity- The NWTB will be trying to make the northwest the best tourist destination in order to improve its reputation. They are constantly in competition with the other regions in the country. Within the NWTB you can sub-section the industry into different attractions, e.g. Hotels in one category and entertainment complexes in another. These sub- categories are in each have their own levels of competition in the northwest. * Planning and analysis of promotional campaigns- This is vital to the efficient running of the NWTB, they target not only small businesses in the promotions, but also the larger more established organisations that have more power to bring more tourists. Sales: * Receiving and logging of customer orders * Invoice production * Customer details * Recording all sales visits and other sales activity The ICT department have an important role in designing, introducing, and developing e-commerce systems. E-commerce is one of many ways a client of the NWTB can become a much more successful firm without the need of expansion. It allows small firms to broaden horizons, they do however take a number of months to become profitable and implementing them often takes a lot of time and effort, however, in the market today it is very easy to provide e-commerce safely and securely. The sales department would also keep a list of customers and clients on record. They will use these to keep details like address, e-mail address, buying history, current sale status, and sales person dealt with in the transaction. Research and Design: * Product design- The design process would be carried out using CAD, this allows the design department to produce lots of designs very quickly, it also allows the drawings to be much more accurate. This process also allows designs to be inter-compatible. * Engineering design- Due to CAD the design process becomes much quicker, in the production of advertisements it becomes much easier to edit motion clips on a computer very quickly. On a static poster you can retouch the elements present within it. * Analysis of new developments Finance: * Sales, purchase and nominal ledgers * Credit control * Payroll * Payments in and out, including EFT * Budgets, projections and accounts * Historical financial records Finance has to be able to give instant statements on the financial situation in the company to the directors, on request. EFT stands for electronic funds transfer. It refers to any use of computers in making payments to organisations or individuals. It is a rapid way of transferring money, but raises doubts about security. These administrative applications are largely similar between one organisation and another. There is nonetheless an important task for ICT to advise on the particular software products to be obtained. Administration: * Personnel records and pension scheme- personnel records include, for each employee: name, home address and telephone number, NI number, employee number and department, DOB, sex, date of joining company, job history before joining company, job history since joining, training, qualifications and skills. * Legal and statutory matters * Insurance * External authorities and contractors * Board meetings and annual general meetings As with the finance department, many of the systems used are universal throughout many different companies. The advice of ICT is likely to be both helpful to users and able to support the organisations policies on standardisation. The ICT Department: One of the key roles of the ICT department is to explain the advantages that may be available for managers and their departments of making greater use of computer-based systems. The team needs to explain the structure and characteristics of ICT projects. Another important task of ICT is to devise and manage centralised systems in the following areas: * Procurement of computer equipment * Procurement of computing and communications equipment * Use of e-mail and other Internet access procedures * System development, testing and standardisation

The Greatest Oil Man Essay -- essays papers

The Greatest Oil Man The majority of people in the world dislike monopolies. People do not like monopolies because they are allocatively inefficient and because they produce less than consumers want. John D. Rockefeller was a good example of a monopolist from 1880 to 1911. Most people in that time period did not like his company, Standard Oil, and wished for an end to it (micheloud). In 1870, J. D. Rockefeller started the Standard Oil Company. Soon after the birth of this company, Rockefeller began to horizontally integrate other refineries into his company. This was not enough for Rockefeller. He wanted control over the whole industry so he proceeded to vertically integrate other companies including companies having to do with extraction, transport, retail, marketing, and research. Within a relatively short amount of time, Rockefeller obtained all of the components needed not only for creating the refined oil but for shipping it as well. The only things that were missing from his giant conglomerate of companies from the oil industry were insignificant considering that now Standard Oil was virtually the only buyer (micheloud). In order to keep his monopoly intact he used the railroads to keep updates on all oil shipped through the railroad companies. In order for the railroads to work for him, they had to give him detailed reports on all oil shipped though them. Standard Oil also made sure they were keeping these reports correct by placing spies (Michel...

Macroeconomics and Government Essay

How are presidential election outcomes related to the performance of the economy? 2. (7 points) Discuss the difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. 3. (10 points) Use the concepts of gross and net investment to distinguish between an economy that has a rising stock of capital and one that has a falling stock of capital. â€Å"In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This means that in that particular year the economy produced no capital goods at all. † Do you agree? Why or why not? Explain: â€Å"Though net investment can be positive, negative, or zero, it is quite impossible for gross investment to be less than zero. † 4. (7 points) What are the major factors that have affected U. S. household consumption since the recession in 2001? 5. (7 points) Briefly explain how the following would shift the IS function to the right. a. A change to lump-sum taxation (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right. ) b. A change to government spending (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right. ) 6. (7 points) Explain briefly how a change to the following MS, MD, or P (ceteris paribus) would shift the LM function to the right. Include in your discussion whether the variable would have to increase or decrease to cause the rightward LM shift. Discuss which of these the FED exercises control over. a. MS. b. MD (money demand). c. P (price index). 7. (7 points) By how much will GDP change if firms increase their investment by $8 billion and the MPC is . 80? If the MPC is . 67? 8. (10 points) Suppose that private sector spending is highly sensitive to a change in interest rate. Compare the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy in terms of rising and lowering real GDP 9. (10 points) Assume that a hypothetical economy with an MPC of . 8 is experiencing severe recession. By how much would government spending have to increase to shift the aggregate demand curve rightward by $25 billion? How large a tax cut would be needed to achieve this same increase in aggregate demand? Why the difference? Determine one possible combination of government spending increases and tax decreases that would accomplish this same goal. 10. (7 points) What are government’s fiscal policy options for ending severe demand-pull inflation? Use the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model to show the impact of these policies on the price level. Which of these fiscal policy options do you think might be favored by a person who wants to preserve the size of government? A person who thinks the public sector is too large? 11. (10 points) Explain why relatively flat as opposite relatively steep labor demand curves are more consistent with the empirical observation that there are relatively minor changes in the real wage rate over the course of the business cycle. 12. (7 points) Is sustainable long-run equilibrium always reached when the AD and SAS curves intersect? Why or why not? 13. (7 points) If the equilibrium real wage remains constant, what happens to the nominal wage when the actual inflation rate exceeds the expected inflation rate? 14. (7 points) â€Å"In the steady state, the government benefits from inflation. † Explain. Answers Question 1. Studies have proven that presidential election outcomes are definitely related to the performance of the economy. The winning presidential party retains the office of presidency while personal income grows at a faster, higher rate than the long-term rate. The incumbent presidential party will be voted out of office when income grows at a rate lower than the long term rate. Question 2. Microeconomics meaning small, is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms by making decisions on the allocation of limited resources. Normally, it applies to markets where goods or services are bought and sold. Macroeconomics meaning large, is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy in a whole, rather than individual markets like in Microeconomics. This includes national, regional, and global economies. Question 3. Depreciation + Net Investment = Gross Investment if I rearrange it, it will say; Depreciation – Gross Investment = Net Investment Since capital stock of an economy only rises when net investment is positive, that is when gross investment exceeds depreciation. So naturally the capital stock falls when net investment is negative, that is when gross investment is less than depreciation. In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This does NOT mean the country produced no capital goods: what it means is that the production of capital goods was less than what was lost due to wear and tear, thus the net impact was an overall loss in capital stock. Gross private investment in most cases cannot be negative, since you can decide not to invest in new factories, but how do you decide to make a negative investment on an economy wide scale. Question 4. Household consumption has been diminishing or is flat to be honest. Income and employment rates have slowly been declining or stays in one particular place. Energy producers have increased the percentage of household budgets for fuel and electricity. According to economics, it shows minimal growth since 2001. Question 5. The IS function is the investment-saving function. A shift to the right implies that for any given level of output the interest rate has gone up, and vice versa. Now for the examples: (a) A change in lump-sum taxation: A lump-sum reduction in the tax rate has the same effect as increased government deficit with people and firms increasing their spending, pushing out the IS curve. (b) A change in government spending: Increased government spending will have the same impact as lower savings, and will push the IS curve to the right Question 6. The LM function is liquidity preference minus the money supply. It tells that real money balances are a primary function of the interest rate and real income. This is usually represented as M/P = L(r, Y), which states real money balance M/P, where M is nominal money balance and P is price level, depends on the real interest rate r and real output Y. An increase in money supply will cause the LM curve to shift to the right, thus lowering the equilibrium interest rate and increasing the equilibrium output. An increase in the demand for money should have the same impact: shift the LM curve to the right. If the price level falls the LM curve will shift to the right since real money balances will increase in such a case. The Fed has control over the nominal money supply but not on money demand and price level. Money demand depends on the transaction demand of money and the Fed cannot influence the prices (they are determined by the market and customers) so as powerful as the Fed is they cannot influence demand for money. Question 7. If MPC = 0. 67, multiplier = 1/1-0. 67 = 1/0. 33=3. Income should increase to 3Ãâ€"8 so it would end up at $24 billion. If Mp = 0. 8, Multiplier = 1/1-0. 8=1/0. 2=5, income should increase to 5Ãâ€"8 so it would end up at $40 billion. Question 8. Ok, if the private sector spending is highly sensitive to changes in interest rates then the monetary policy will be more effective in determining the movement of real output. This is due to the fact that a small rise in interest rates then a small reduction in money supply will quell any demand-pull inflation and therefor bringing the economy back to the long-run equilibrium. While a small reduction in interest rates should push up the aggregate demand in similar measures. Government policy has a bigger impact on the autonomous part of aggregate expenditure and hence will have a lower impact in such a scenario. Question 9. MPC = 0. 8, we can say that the multiplier, which is defined to be Multiplier = 1/MPS = 1/(1-MPC) then is equal to 5. So, we increase AD by $25 billion the government has to increase spending by $5 billion. A larger tax cut would be needed to achieve the same goal since people do not want to or wish to spend everything they get. Given that people are spending 80% of each additional dollar if the government provides a tax cut of $5 billion I would say people would only spend $4 out of that. Thus the final impact will be 4Ãâ€"5 = $20 billion. To get people to spend $5 billion, the government has to lower taxes by $6. 25 billion (6. 25Ãâ€"0. 8 = 5 if the formula I used). Any combination that hopes to achieve the $25 billion raise in AD will have to increase initial spending by at least $5 billion. Suppose the government increase spending by G and provides a tax cut T, then any combination that satisfies: G + 0. 8T = 5 will serve the purpose. Question 10. The government has two options when it wants to influence the macroeconomic: A. it can change taxes or B. It can change its spending patterns. If economics is facing a demand-pull inflation it means AD is rising quicker than expected. The four components of AD are; 1. household consumption (C), 2. gross private investment (I), 3. government expenditure (G), 4. Net exports (NX). Normally we would take I, G and X to be exogenous variables. Soto curtail a demand-pull inflation the government has to work on somehow curtailing consumption (C) and imports (M), or we can also cut down its own personal spending. The two options with the government in such a case then would be: (a) Cut down government spending: a reduction in G will then also make a reduce in AD. (b) Increase taxes: This would bring down the disposable income and will then also bring down both C and M. For a person who wants to preserve the size of the government the second option I think would be a better choice, since the government is retaining its size and is still able to bring the requisite change in AD. A person who thinks public sector is too large will opt for the first move, reducing G, since that will immediately mean the government has become smaller. Which I personally would vote for, out government could use a little trimming. Question 11. The simplest way for me to look at it is like this; If the demand curve is flat, then a reduction or an increment in labor demand does not alter the price at all. But on the other hand, if the demand curve is, then an equivalent change in demand has much bigger change in the wage rates. Empirical results suggest that wages are sticky, and the steep labor demand curve cannot explain this observation. Question 12. When the AD and SAS intersect it is called a â€Å"short-run macroeconomic equilibrium. † This is NOT sustainable unless it the intersection point falls on the LAS curve. The reason is any such intersection to the left of the LAS curve will not be using any resources, and companies will have an incentive to increase production without putting too much pressure on the costs, while an intersection to the right will put too much inflationary pressure therefor making it unsustainable. Question 13. Inflation- Nominal Wage Rate = Real Wage Rate So therefor, Expected inflation- Expected Nominal Wage Rate = Expected Real Wage Rate. It can also be written as; Expected Real Wage Rate + Expected inflation = Expected Nominal Wage Rate. If the equilibrium real wage rate remains constant, meanwhile inflation exceeds expected inflation then the nominal wage rate has to rise, there is no other choice. Question 14. In the steady state, the government benefits from inflation. I assume that the steady state here means the long-run macroeconomic equilibrium. The economy would like some small inflation at some point since with a small inflation the real costs for companies always fall and they have to have an incentive in order to increase production. To see why consider the contracts that companies set up, They are all based on nominal variables. A small inflation will reduce the real value of these contracts, and keeping with the domino affect the firms have an incentive to increase real output at lower real costs. Total output will rise in this particular case, pushing out the LAS curve. The government would also benefit with higher tax earnings.

Can Marriage Be Saved Essay

Can Marriage Be Saved? Written by:Frank Furstenberg Summer 2005 I chose the article â€Å"Can Marriage Be Saved? † written by Frank Furstenberg. This article was found under the â€Å"topics for course papers† section of our syllabus, link number four. I felt that the article was very much true to life. I agree that marriage seems to last a lifetime for the more educated and wealthy. I see all too often young adults getting married just because they have become pregnant or for the wrong reasons. This theory rarely seems to work. This usually causes problems for the young family because neither person is ready to take on the major responsibility that having a family at such a young age brings. This relates very close to my life because I was married and had my first child at the age of 16. With the lack of education and work experience that I had, it made it almost impossible to support and provide for my child. Needless to say, I found myself divorced and a 16 year old single parent six months later. The struggles of being married without an education or a career are a huge strain on a relationship. It is almost unheard of to have the idea, 1960’s, type of lifestyle these days. It was very common for the woman to be the homemaker and the caregiver for the children during this time while the man worked and provided for his family. Now, it is almost forced upon most families to have a middle class lifestyle or above in order to live a comfortable life. With this being said, it is crucial for both parties of the marriage to obtain a higher education and to work full time. Adding a child to the mix of working, school and trying to find time to be a parent can be a disaster. No wonder most marriages end almost as soon as they begin. I believe the best way we can change these old habits is to set better examples for our children and instill high values in them to get a college degree and make sure they have a strong career path before tackling the challenge of marriage and having a family. I believe marriage has a much higher chance of success if you have your education and career in order first. Once you have a good balance of values in your life, then you should consider marriage and a family.

buy custom High Blood Pressure in Women essay

buy custom High Blood Pressure in Women essay Abstract Females are generally more vulnerable to high blood pressure than men. In this category of study, the rate of vulnerability in females can further be analyzed based on the different age groups. The essence of age brackets is very important due to the different physiological changes that occur in women. The major age groups of interest include 18-25, 25-35, and 45-54 years. According to the experiment done under sampling method, the findings reveal different levels of vulnerability exist for every age group. Introduction High blood pressure is a condition in which the blood in the body experiences abnormal high speed of flow. The main cause of this abnormal flow of blood is nonstandard pumping rate of the heart. The whole abnormality is referred to as hypertension. There are different causes of high blood pressure both in men and women. An experiment was done to come up with proper understanding of which gender and age group that is more prone to high blood pressure. Research was carried out on the different levels of vulnerability to high blood pressure in males and females. Through the research, various data were collected to help support the specifications based on the gender and age difference. Laboratory Findings Males above the age of 45 and women above the age of 55 are more prone to high blood pressure than those of younger ages. Research experiment that was done in the laboratory showed various results when samples of high blood pressure patints were considered. The results show that the majority of those who suffer the condition high blood pressure are elderly people (Nicole, 2009). The research findings showed that men are more prone to high blood pressure than women. On the other hand, as the women continually grow past the menopause age of about 55. At the ages well above 75 years, the chances of women suffering high blood pressure increases (Nicole, 2009). The table below shows the percentage laboratory results collected from the experiment done on high blood pressure. Age group of women Percentage vulnerability to high blood pressure 18-25 6 25-35 16 45-54 27 Above 54 51 According to the research findings from the sample data reports, even younger women are prone to the high blood pressure. Essentially, the use of oral contraceptives makes women at a risky ground of suffering high blood pressure (Nicole, 2009). Further research findings states that womens vulnerability to high blood pressure depends on the duration of time they take to sleep. Women who regularly sleep forr at most five hours per day are double prone to high blood pressure than those who sleep for seven hours every night (Atkinson, 2011). On the other hand, men are not at all affected by how long they take to sleep. The age group that is more vulnerable to sleepless related high blood pressure is the pre-menopausal age group (Atkinson, 2011). The table below shows the reasons for high blood pressure. Age group of women Reasons for high blood pressure 18-25 Inadequate amount of time in sleep Use of oral contraceptives 25-35 Inadequate amount of time in sleep Use of oral contraceptives 45-54 Inadequate amount of time in sleep Use of oral contraceptives Above 54 Inadequate amount of time in sleep Conclusion According to the research findings, it can be concluded that women are more vulnerable to high blood pressure than men. Women are extra vulnerable to high blood pressure at ages above menopause. In addition, it is also clear that as women advance in age, their vulnerability to hypertension rises. Buy custom High Blood Pressure in Women essay

Learn How to Conjugate Réunir (to Reunite) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Rà ©unir (to Reunite) in French At first glance, you might guess that the French verb  rà ©unir  has something to do with reuniting and your hunch would be correct. Technically, it means to reunite and a conjugation is required to get it into the present, past, or future tense. This lesson focuses on the most common and useful forms of  rà ©unir  so you can start using it in French conversations. The Basic Conjugations of  Rà ©unir Rà ©unir is a regular -ir verb and that does make it a little easier to learn than some French verbs. It uses one of the common conjugation patterns, so if you have studied words like remplir (to fill), you already have a head start. The first step is recognizing the verb stem, which is  rà ©un-. Then, using the chart, you can learn which ending to add that corresponds to the subject pronoun and the tense you need. This will help you learn the basic forms of the indicative mood, which are used most often. For example,  je rà ©unis  means I am reuniting and  nous avons rà ©nissions  means we reunited. Present Future Imperfect je runis runirai runissais tu runis runiras runissais il runit runira runissait nous runissons runirons runissions vous runissez runirez runissiez ils runissent runiront runissaient The Present Participle of  Rà ©unir As with most regular -ir  verbs, the ending  -issant  is added to the stem to produce the  present participle. This results in the word  rà ©unissant. Rà ©unir  in the Compound Past Tense In French, the passà © composà © is the compound past tense. It requires an auxiliary verb and the past participle rà ©uni. To form it, begin by conjugating  avoir  into the present tense according to the subject, then add the past participle. For instance, this leaves us with  jai rà ©uni  for I reunited and  nous avons rà ©uni  for we reunited. More Simple Conjugations of  Rà ©unir A few more basic conjugations should round off your essentials list for  rà ©unir. You can use  the subjunctive  whenever the act of reuniting is uncertain or  the conditional  when its dependent on something else.  The passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are both literary forms, so youll find these in written French. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je runisse runirais runis runisse tu runisses runirais runis runisses il runisse runirait runit runt nous runissions runirions runmes runissions vous runissiez runiriez runtes runissiez ils runissent runiraient runirent runissent The French imperative  is used for direct and often assertive statements. The most important rule you need to know is that the subject pronoun is unnecessary in this circumstance. You can shorten  tu rà ©unis  to  rà ©unis. Imperative (tu) runis (nous) runissons (vous) runissez

English Language Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

English Language Learning - Essay Example The projection is that by 2015 over 50 percent of all students in K-12 public schools across the US will be ELL students, boosting the number of this school population that has the highest dropout rate and the lowest ranking in academic achievement and expectations. The phenomenon necessarily speaks ill of the American public school system. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was enacted precisely to address the problems being encountered by ELL students across the US, so that the educational system smoothens rather than retards their acculturation process. Among the salient features of the NCLB law is the provision that makes parental involvement a key component in the educational efforts to serve ELL needs. It defines parental involvement in children education as a regular, two-way and meaningful communication between parents and schools to ensure that parents are full partners in their children's educational experience. The NCLB includes testing requirements for ELLs. These test scores may be factored into the determination of whether a school is making adequate yearly progress. (Gray & Fleischman, 2005) The problem is that in some ... This explains the lack or at least low level of interest of most parents in the education process for their children (Gray & Fleischman, 2005). The NCLB Act makes it imperative upon the schools to overcome this cultural barrier to ELL (Tuite, 2003) by establishing means of communication with the parents. The schools could invite the parents of immigrant families to such school activities like classroom demonstrations of their culture or awarding for children's accomplishments. In communicating and coordinating with parents, it was suggested that the schools use the immigrants' language and may thus need to hire special translators for the purpose (Gray & Fleischman, 2005). Otherwise, this may reinforce another perception common to immigrant parents in America that has to do with the issue of power. A common perception among immigrant parents is that English is the language of a rich and powerful postindustrial society, whereas their native language is less impressive and commands les s respect (Walqui, 2000). Language learning, according to experts, is an interactive activity as dependent on social context as it is on cognitive transfer. All parents have the rights to choose the instructional program that best meets their child's needs, this choice to be indicated in writing. For the first three years, students may be enrolled in a bilingual, dual or English-as-secondary-language program. Afterwards, the parents may elect to continue with the program or change to the mainstream classroom. This choice shall be made at an orientation session at the start of the school year, which focuses on orienting parents to the school system, explaining to